| Victors ID |
Gene Name |
Sequence Strain (Species/Organism) |
NCBI Gene ID |
NCBI Nucleotide GI |
NCBI Protein GI |
Locus Tag |
Genbank Accession |
Protein Accession |
Protein Name |
Molecule Role |
Molecule Role Annotation |
PMID |
|
|
C12L |
Vaccinia virus |
3707582
|
|
66276002
|
VACWR205 |
|
YP_233087.1 |
temporal expression: early |
Virulence factor |
MUTATION: C12L mutant is attenuated in BALB/c mice when infected intranasally [Ref6598:Symons et al., 2002]. |
12388820
|
|
|
E3L |
Vaccinia virus |
3707592
|
|
66275856
|
VACWR059 |
|
YP_232941.1 |
temporal expression: early |
Virulence factor |
MUTATION: VVDeltaE3L mutant is apathogenic in mice [Ref6599:Brandt and Jacobs, 2001]. |
11134298
|
|
|
N1L |
Vaccinia virus |
3707643
|
|
66275825
|
VACWR028 |
|
YP_232910.1 |
temporal expression: early/late |
Virulence factor |
MUTATION: Deletion of N1L results in attenuation in culture and in intracranially infected mice [Ref6600:Cheltsov et al., 2010]. |
20441222
|
|
|
A35R |
Vaccinia virus |
3707688
|
|
66275955
|
VACWR158 |
|
YP_233040.1 |
hypothetical protein |
Virulence factor |
MUTATION: vA35R deletion mutant was attenuated in intranasal challenge of mice compared to the wild-type virus [Ref6601:Roper, 2006].
|
16352555
|
|
|
A46R |
Vaccinia virus |
3707702
|
|
66275969
|
VACWR172 |
|
YP_233054.1 |
Toll/IL1-receptor |
Virulence factor |
MUTATION: Vaccinia virus lacking the A46R gene was attenuated in a murine intranasal model [Ref6602:Stack et al., 2005]. |
15767367
|
|
|
B14R |
Vaccinia virus |
|
335308
|
|
|
|
|
B14R 17.3K protein |
Virulence factor |
MUTATION: B14 deletion mutant is attenuated in C57BL6 mice infected intradermally [Ref7255:Chen et al., 2006].
|
16690909
|
|
|
F12L |
Vaccinia virus |
3707508
|
|
66275848
|
VACWR051 |
AY243312 |
YP_232933 |
EEV maturation protein |
Virulence factor |
The vDeltaF12L virus was severely attenuated in vivo, such that a dose of vDeltaF12L 10,000-fold greater than the dose of wild-type virus that induced severe disease was unable to induce disease in mice infected intranasally [Ref7425:Zhang et al., 2000]. |
11090164
|
|
|
TI4L |
Vaccinia virus (strain Tian Tan) |
|
6969720
|
|
|
|
|
TI4L |
Virulence factor |
|
|
|
|
VACVgp007 |
Vaccinia virus |
1486315
|
|
9790910
|
VACVgp007 |
|
NP_063637 |
Hypothetical protein |
Virulence factor |
Skin lesions caused by the C21L deletion mutant were smaller than those caused by wild-type virus, demonstrating an important role for VCP in virulence. The C21L deletion mutant also was attenuated in C4-deficient guinea pigs. [Ref7433:Isaacs et al., 1992] |
1731333
|
|
|
VGF |
Cowpox virus |
1485896
|
|
20178389
|
CPXV021 |
AF482758 |
NP_619810 |
CPXV021 protein or CPXV VGF protein |
Virulence factor |
MUTATION: Higher doses of VGF- virus than WT virus were required for intracranial lethality in mice and for production of skin lesions in rabbits. Thus, expression of the VGF gene is important to the virulence of vaccinia virus [Ref7439:Buller et al., 1988]. |
3339716
|
|
|
B5R |
Vaccinia virus |
3707658
|
|
66275984
|
VACWR187 |
A22016 |
YP_233069 |
EEV membrane glycoprotein |
Virulence factor |
only 10% of WT levels of EEV were produced by I-delta B5R. deletion of B5R had a profound affect on the formation of the extracellular enveloped virus (EEV). shown to form very small plaques compared with the wild-type viruses. [Ref7441:Engelstad and Smith, 1993] |
8503178
|
|
|
A36R |
Vaccinia virus |
3707689
|
|
66275956
|
VACWR159 |
X57318 |
YP_233041 |
IEV transmembrane phosphoprotein |
Virulence factor |
Thus the loss of the A36R protein from the EEV surface did not reduce EEV specific infectivity in vitro. Despite this, delta A36R showed striking attenuation compared with WT in a murine intranasal model. [Ref7443:Parkinson and Smith, 1994] |
8091668
|
|
|
A34R |
Vaccinia virus |
3707687
|
|
66275954
|
VACWR157 |
JN654979 |
YP_233039 |
IEV and EEV membrane glycoprotein |
Virulence factor |
The WR delta A34R virus is highly attenuated in vivo compared with WR or a revertant virus in which the A34R gene was reinserted into WR delta A34R. [Ref7444:McIntosh and Smith, 1996] |
8523536
|
|
|
B7R |
Vaccinia virus |
3707660
|
|
66275986
|
VACWR189 |
M58056 |
YP_233071 |
hypothetical protein |
Virulence factor |
A virus deletion mutant lacking the B7R gene and a revertant virus were constructed. Compared to wild-type and revertant viruses, the deletion mutant replicated normally in cell culture and had unaltered virulence in a murine intranasal model of infection. However, the deletion mutant was attenuated in a murine intradermal model where it induced a smaller lesion than the control viruses. [Ref7445:Price et al., 2000] |
10648184
|
|
|
H3L |
Vaccinia virus |
3707557
|
|
66275898
|
VACWR101 |
AY243312 |
YP_232983 |
IMV heparin binding surface protein |
Virulence factor |
mice infected with H3L(-) mutant virus survive and recover faster, indicating that inactivation of the H3L gene attenuates virus virulence in vivo. [Ref7446:Lin et al., 2000] |
10708453
|
|
|
B8R |
Vaccinia virus |
3707661
|
|
66275987
|
VACWR190 |
AF120160 |
YP_233072 |
soluble interferon-gamma receptor-like protein |
Virulence factor |
In rabbits, skin lesions produced by the WR B8R-deleted mutants were smaller and tended to disappear earlier than those caused by wild-type WR virus. Similar results were obtained with both independently prepared WR B8R-deleted mutants. These data strongly suggested that the product of B8R gene did play a role in virus virulence. [Ref7447:Sroller et al., 2001] |
11315635
|
|
|
A14.5L |
Vaccinia virus |
3707532
|
|
66275931
|
VACWR134 |
JN654977 |
YP_233016 |
hydrophobic IMV membrane protein |
Virulence factor |
A mutant virus, in which the A14.5L ORF was largely deleted, produced normal-size plaques in several cell lines, and the yields of infectious intra- and extracellular viruses were similar to those of the parent. In contrast, with a mouse model, mutant viruses with the A14.5L ORF largely deleted were attenuated relative to that of the parental virus or a mutant virus with a restored A14.5L gene. [Ref7448:Betakova et al., 2000] |
10756020
|
|
|
Uracil DNA glycosylase (D4R/D5R) |
|
|
402497
|
|
|
|
|
|
Virulence factor |
MUTATION: The conservation of the catalytic site in all poxvirus orthologs suggested an important role in vivo. This idea was confirmed by the decreased virulence of catalytic-site mutants when administered by the intranasal route to mice [Ref7449:De and Moss, 2003]. |
12477821
|
|
|
A53R |
Vaccinia virus |
3707710
|
|
66275976
|
VACWR179 |
M58054 |
YP_233061 |
secreted TNF-receptor-like protein |
Virulence factor |
we constructed C12L (vIL-18 binding protein) and A53R (vTNF receptor homolog) gene-deleted mutants which are based on parental TV and VTKgpe (TV expressing HIV gagpol and env gene), respectively. The pathogenicity and immunogenicity were also evaluated. Deleting these two immunomodulatory genes lessened the virulence of the parental virus in both mice and rabbit models. Notably, C12L deletion mutant attenuated the skin virulence of parental virus by as high as approximate 2 logs. [Ref7450:Dai et al., 2008] |
18573290
|
|
|
A43R |
Vaccinia virus |
3707698
|
|
66275965
|
VACWR168 |
M72474 |
YP_233050 |
putative type-I membrane glycoprotein |
Virulence factor |
Prevention of A43R expression had no effect on plaque size or virus replication in cell culture and little effect on virulence after mouse intranasal infection. Although the A43 mutant produced significantly smaller lesions in skin of mice than the control, the amounts of virus recovered from the lesions were similar. [Ref7451:Sood and Moss, 2010] |
19900687
|
|
|
C6L |
|
|
|
137539
|
|
|
|
Protein C6 |
Virulence factor |
Mutant viruses in which the C6L gene is deleted, or mutated so that the C6 protein is not expressed, replicated normally in cell culture but were attenuated in two in vivo models of infection compared to wild type and revertant controls. [Ref7452:Unterholzner et al., 2011] |
21931555
|
|
|
J2R |
Vaccinia virus |
3707550
|
|
66275891
|
VACWR094 |
JN654986 |
YP_232976 |
thymidine kinase |
Virulence factor |
We have shown that insertion of the three vaccinia virus (VACV) promoter-driven foreign gene expression cassettes encoding Renilla luciferase-Aequorea GFP fusion protein, β-galactosidase, and β-glucuronidase into the F14.5L, J2R, and A56R loci of the VACV LIVP genome, respectively, results in a highly attenuated mutant strain GLV-1h68. This strain shows tumor-specific replication and is capable of eradicating tumors with little or no virulence in mice. [Ref7453:Chen et al., 2011] |
21951588
|
|
|
A56R |
Vaccinia virus |
3707652
|
|
66275978
|
VACWR181 |
M93956 |
YP_233063 |
hemagglutinin |
Virulence factor |
We have shown that insertion of the three vaccinia virus (VACV) promoter-driven foreign gene expression cassettes encoding Renilla luciferase-Aequorea GFP fusion protein, β-galactosidase, and β-glucuronidase into the F14.5L, J2R, and A56R loci of the VACV LIVP genome, respectively, results in a highly attenuated mutant strain GLV-1h68. This strain shows tumor-specific replication and is capable of eradicating tumors with little or no virulence in mice. [Ref7453:Chen et al., 2011] |
21951588
|
|
|
O1L |
Vaccinia virus |
3707601
|
|
66275865
|
VACWR068 |
AY243312 |
YP_232950 |
Hypothetical protein |
Virulence factor |
CVA-ΔO1L showed reduced plaque size and an attenuated cytopathic effect (CPE) in infected cell cultures and reduced virulence and spread from lungs to ovaries in intranasally infected BALB/c mice. [Ref7454:Schweneker et al., 2012] |
22171261
|
|
|
N2L |
Vaccinia virus |
3707644
|
|
66275826
|
VACWR029 |
M22812 |
YP_232911 |
putative alpha aminitin-sensitive protein |
Virulence factor |
A mutant VACV strain Western Reserve lacking the N2L gene (vΔN2) showed normal replication and spread in cultured cells compared to wild-type parental (vN2) and revertant (vN2-rev) viruses, but was attenuated in two murine models of infection. After intranasal infection, the vΔN2 mutant induced lower weight loss and signs of illness, and virus was cleared more rapidly from the infected tissue. In the intradermal model of infection, vΔN2 induced smaller lesions that were resolved more rapidly. In summary, the N2 protein is an intracellular virulence factor that inhibits IRF3 activity in the nucleus. [Ref7455:Ferguson et al., 2013] |
23761407
|
|
|
TE3L |
|
|
|
6969701
|
|
|
|
TE3L |
Virulence factor |
The results suggested that deletion of the TE3L gene decreased the virulence and neurovirulence significantly in mice and rabbit models, yet retained the immunogenicity. Thus, the deletion of TE3L improved the safety of the VTT vector; this approach may yield a valuable resource for studies of recombinant VACV-vectored vaccines. [Ref7456:Wang et al., 2012] |
23084929
|
|
|
D10R |
Vaccinia virus |
3707571
|
|
66275912
|
VACWR115 |
M15058 |
YP_232997 |
contains mutT-like motif of NTP-phosphohydrolase for DNA repair |
Virulence factor |
Despite the mild effects in vitro, both mutants were more attenuated than the revertants in intranasal and intraperitoneal mouse models, and less infectious virus was recovered from organs. In addition, there was less lung histopathology following intranasal infection with mutant viruses. [Ref7457:Liu et al., 2014] |
24155373
|
|
|
F14.5L |
Vaccinia virus |
4557754
|
|
119223229
|
VACWR053.5 |
M57977 |
YP_910497 |
hypothetical protein |
Virulence factor |
We have shown that insertion of the three vaccinia virus (VACV) promoter-driven foreign gene expression cassettes encoding Renilla luciferase-Aequorea GFP fusion protein, β-galactosidase, and β-glucuronidase into the F14.5L, J2R, and A56R loci of the VACV LIVP genome, respectively, results in a highly attenuated mutant strain GLV-1h68. This strain shows tumor-specific replication and is capable of eradicating tumors with little or no virulence in mice. [Ref7453:Chen et al., 2011]
|
21951588
|
