Cell membrane Complex Enzyme Eukaryotic cell or cell component Microbe-host cell complex Microorganism or its component Other Other -- ion Pathway or action Protein Protein or gene Protein or gene complex Protein or protein complex Bacterial membrane or virus envelope Cell membrane Cytoplasm Eukaryotic cell or cell component Extracellular Golgi Golgi membrane Intercellular Intracellular Mitochondria Nucleocapsid/Cytoplasm Organelle Organelle -- Cell membrane Organelle -- Endoplasmic reticulum Organelle -- ER Organelle -- Golgi Organelle -- Golgi membrane Organelle -- Nucleus Organelle -- Phagolysosome Organelle -- Phagosome Organelle -- Ribosome Other Phagolysosome Phagosome Chaperone Defense, immunity protein Enzyme Enzyme activator Enzyme inhibitor Genomic S segment Infection Ligand binding or carrier Motor Nucleic acid binding Other Signal transducer Toxicity Transcription factor binding Transcription regulation Transporter Unknown IC Inferred by Curator IDA Inferred from Direct Assay IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation IEP Inferred from Expression Pattern IGI Inferred from Genetic Interaction IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype IPI Inferred from Physical Interaction ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity NAS Non-traceable Author Statement ND No biological Data available RCA inferred from Reviewed Computational Analysis TAS Traceable Author Statement NR Not Recorded Allen EA, Hazen BE, Hoch HC, Kwon Y, Leinhos GME, Staples RC, Stumpf MA, Terhune BT. Phytopathology Appressorium formation in response to topographical signals by 27 rust species 1991 Heath M. Can. J. Bot. Signal exchange between higher plants and rust fungi 1995 Voegele RT, Struck C, Hahn M, Mendgen K Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America The role of haustoria in sugar supply during infection of broad bean by the rust fungus Uromyces fabae 20013 11390980 PubMed Koch E, and HH Hoppe Phytopath Z. Development of infection structures by direct-penetrating soybean rust fungus (Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd.) on artificial membranes 1988 Koch E, Ebrahin-Nesbat F, Hoppe HH. Phytopath Z. Light and Electron Microscopic studies on the Development of Soybean Rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd.) in Susceptible Soybean leaves 1983 Uredospores (=Urediospores) Function: Other. Observation of whole-leaf mounts revealed that 12 hours post infection (hpi) the majority of spores had germinated (Koch et al., 1983).(Koch) Germ tube Function: Other. Germ tubes varied from 5 to 400 microns (Koch and Hoppe, 1988). Urediospores germ tubes that do not form infection structures die within a few days (Heath, 1995).(KochE) Appressoria Function: Other. Appressoria develops over anticlinal walls, the center of epidermal cells or, rarely, over stomata(Koch) Appressorial cone Function: Other. Penetration of the leaves started with the formation of a funnel-shape structure in the appressorium. Similar structures were observed in other fungal parasites and named"appressorial cone". We use this term tentatively with the recognition that there are morphological differences in the structure of the appressorial cone of different fungi.Penetration of the leaves always occurred directly through the cuticle.(Koch) Penetration hypha Function: Other. The development of the penetration hypha resulted from the elongation of the appressorial cone (Koch et al.,1983). The penetration hyphae emerged from the floor of the appressorium where the latter contacted the membrane surface. Apparently, this event corresponds to the"directional peg emergence" observed in the stomata entering rust fungi (Koch and Hoppe, 1988).The hypha penetrates the epidermal cell wall of the host, transversed the cell and reached the intercellular space of the spongy or pallisade mesophyll where the first septum was formed delimiting the penetration hypha from the primary hypha. Transversing of the epidermal cell was completed about 20 hpi (Koch et al., 1983).(Koch)(KochE) Primary hyphae or infection hyphae Function: Other. Intercellular growth strated with the formation of the first septum delimiting the penetration hyphae from the Infection hyphae (Heath) or primary hypha (Koch) : the latter then branced to form secondary hyphae.(Koch)(Heath) Mycelium Function: Other. Three days post infection (dpi) a considerably amount of mycelium had developed in the spongy mesophyll. In the center of these mycelial conglomerates epidermal and mesoophyll cells of the host became necrotic giving rise to lesions which were macroscopically visible 6 dpi. Lateral spread of the fungus commonly continued by the formation of hyphae resembling runner hyphae of cereal rusts.Hyphal spread was restricted by leaf veins. Minor veins were often crossed, but larger vascular bundles stopped the spread of the fungus.(Koch) Uredia formation Function: Other. Uredia were commonly formed in the spongy mesophyll, liberating the spores on the lower surface of the leaf. Similar to other rust fungi, the first evidence of uredia formation in P. pachyrhizi was the aggregation of hyphae into uredial prinordia. Those structures were first visible 8dpi. Uredospore production started 3-4 days later through a uredial opening lined with several layers of clavate, paraphysoid cells, that obviously derived from the outer cell layers of developing uredia. When the uredium matures, the epidermis ruptures and uredospores are released(Koch) Uredospores Function: Other. Formation of uredospores is based on a sporogenous cell which by budding and septum formation produces a spore initial. By a second septum the uredospore initial is separated into a proximal pedicel and a distal, immature uredospore. It results in a column-like series of three cells lying one upon the other: the sporogenous cell, the pedicell , and the uredospore . The mechanism of uredospore development has been observed with different Pucciniaceae and Melampsoraceae(Koch) Haustoria mother cell (HMC) Function: Other. Haustoria mother cell was was delimited by a septum from the intercellular mycelium contained two nuclei and appeard closely appressed to the host wall in the region of penetration.(Koch) Infection peg Function: Other. At the site of host cell penetration the haustorial mother cell was thickened. The host cell wall was breaced by a thin infection peg originating from the inner layer of the haustorial mother cell wall. The infection peg expanded to form an haustorial neck which had an electron opaque neckband and terminated in the haustorial body.(Koch) Haustoria Function: Other. Biotrophic plant pathogenic fungi differentiate specialized infection structures within the living cells of their host plants. These haustoria have been linked to nutrient uptake ever since their discovery. We have for the first time to our knowledge shown that the flow of sugars from the host Vicia faba to the rust fungus Uromyces fabae seems to occur largely through the haustorial complex (Voegele et al., 2001). Formation of the first haustorium ocurred between 24 and 48 hpi. The fungus continues to spread rapidily through the tissue forming a dense mycelium, filling the intercellular space and inserting haustoria into mesophyll and epidermal cells. One cell often contained two or more haustoria. Haustorial formation resembled that known from other rust fungi (Koch et al., 1983).(Koch)(Voegele et al., 2001)